INDIAN SOLAR POWER SCENARIO
High Growth and Falling Prices
•Solar Revolution like Mobiles in Telecom Revolution. Similarly, we do not have reliable/no grid connectivity in different parts of the country, but solar based power and distributed systems can be effective solution.
•Current government has pushed solar energy usage, current Indian market poised to grow at about 115% per year (as per MNRE)
•About 300 clear , sunny days in a year, abundant solar potential
•Daily average solar energy incident over India varies 4 to 7 kwh/m2
High Growth and Falling Prices
•Solar Revolution like Mobiles in Telecom Revolution. Similarly, we do not have reliable/no grid connectivity in different parts of the country, but solar based power and distributed systems can be effective solution.
•Current government has pushed solar energy usage, current Indian market poised to grow at about 115% per year (as per MNRE)
•About 300 clear , sunny days in a year, abundant solar potential
•Daily average solar energy incident over India varies 4 to 7 kwh/m2
AGNECIES INVOLVED IN THIS FIELD
•MNRE
•IREDA
•LOCAL STATE AGENCIES –PEDA , NEDA, HAREDA….
•SECI
•IREDA
•LOCAL STATE AGENCIES –PEDA , NEDA, HAREDA….
•SECI
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy-MNRE
•The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is the nodal Ministry of the Government of India for all matters relating to new and renewable energy
•The broad aim of the Ministry is to develop and deploy new and renewable energy for supplementing the energy requirements of the country
•Website: http://mnre.gov.in
•The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is the nodal Ministry of the Government of India for all matters relating to new and renewable energy
•The broad aim of the Ministry is to develop and deploy new and renewable energy for supplementing the energy requirements of the country
•Website: http://mnre.gov.in
SOLAR IRRADIATION
•SOLAR IRRADIANCE
–The amount of solar power available per unit area is called Irradiance (kw/m2)
•SOLAR IRRADIATION
–Irradiation is the total quantity of radiant energy per unit Area received over a given period of time (daily, monthly or Annually) –kw/m2/day
•PEAK SUN HOURS (PSH)
–Daily irradiation is also known as Peak Sun Hours
Radiation database: You can find your local area radiation level on these sites
•http://www.synergyenviron.com/tools/solar_insolation.asp
•http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/
Solar Photovoltaics
•Converts energy of sunlight (Photons) into electrical energy
•Photovoltaic effect: Discovered in 1839
•Uses semiconductor technology to capture and convert sunlight to electricity
Solar Electric or Photovoltaic (PV)
The "photovoltaic effect" is the basic physical process through which a PV cell converts sunlight into electricity. Sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar energy. Imagine that these little particles of energy are microscopic “bullets” of light that literally “rain” on earth wherever sunlight is shining. Billions upon billions of these light bullets are hitting the earth every second. These photons contain various amounts of energy corresponding to the different colors of the solar spectrum.
•Converts energy of sunlight (Photons) into electrical energy
•Photovoltaic effect: Discovered in 1839
•Uses semiconductor technology to capture and convert sunlight to electricity
Solar Electric or Photovoltaic (PV)
The "photovoltaic effect" is the basic physical process through which a PV cell converts sunlight into electricity. Sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar energy. Imagine that these little particles of energy are microscopic “bullets” of light that literally “rain” on earth wherever sunlight is shining. Billions upon billions of these light bullets are hitting the earth every second. These photons contain various amounts of energy corresponding to the different colors of the solar spectrum.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF SOLAR POWER SYSTEM
•SOLAR PANEL
•CHARGE CONTROLLER
•BATTERY
•INVERTER
•CABLES & ACCESSORIES
Some Electrical Basics
•Voltage: unit-volts (V)
•Current: unit-Ampere (A)
•Electrical Power: unit-Watt (W) (equal to Volts x Ampere)
•Electrical Energy: unit-Watt-Hour (Whr) (equal to Watt x Hours)
•DC: Direct Current-Unidirectional flow of charge (Batteries, Solar cells etc)
•AC: Alternating Current-Periodic reversal of flow of charge(Utility grid supply)
Basic Solar Power System
DC Solar System:-
•Solar PV Module
•Solar Charge Controller
•Battery
•DC Loads
•Solar PV Module
•Solar Charge Controller
•Battery
•DC Loads
AC Solar System:-
•Solar PV Module
•Solar Charge Controller
•Battery
•Inverter
•AC Loads
•Solar PV Module
•Solar Charge Controller
•Battery
•Inverter
•AC Loads
Solar Photovoltaic Module
•Power (Wp) ranges from 3 to 310Wp
•Mainly available in Mono-crystalline Silicon, Poly-Crystalline Silicon and Thin film
•Characteristics:-
–Voc: Open Circuit Voltage
–Isc: Short Circuit Current
–Vm: Voltage at maximum power
–Im: Current at maximum power
–Pm: Maximum power
•Measured at Standard Test Conditions(STC):
-1KW/m2/day, 25˚C and AM1.5
•Mainly available in Mono-crystalline Silicon, Poly-Crystalline Silicon and Thin film
•Characteristics:-
–Voc: Open Circuit Voltage
–Isc: Short Circuit Current
–Vm: Voltage at maximum power
–Im: Current at maximum power
–Pm: Maximum power
•Measured at Standard Test Conditions(STC):
-1KW/m2/day, 25˚C and AM1.5
Panel Generation Factor
•How many volt single roof panel can produce in a day
•Panel Generation factor = Average daily insolation x correction factors
•Correction factor include losses due to :-
–Temperature(15%)
–Not receiving energy at maximum power point[not present if using MPPT controller](10%)
–Dirt (5%)
–Reflection (5%)
•Example:
–Average daily insolation: 5.5KWh/m2/day
–Panel generation factor = 5.5 x 0.85 x 0.9 x 0.95 x 0.95 = 3.8 KWh/m2/day
Solar Charge Controller
•Controls the charge and discharge process of battery
•Prevents over charging and deep discharge of batteries
•Ensures maximum performance and life of battery
•May have some additional features like monitoring system, indications and some additional controls
•Mainly two types of charge controllers; MPPT and PWM
•Controls the charge and discharge process of battery
•Prevents over charging and deep discharge of batteries
•Ensures maximum performance and life of battery
•May have some additional features like monitoring system, indications and some additional controls
•Mainly two types of charge controllers; MPPT and PWM
PWM Solar Charge Controller
•A simple switching circuit that regulates the battery voltage
•Switches on/off the flow of current by monitoring the battery voltage and current
•Low cost and simple
•PV array voltage and battery voltage should match
•Can not extract the maximum power from solar panel. Hence low efficiency
•Recommended for small systems to minimize the cost
MPPT Solar Charge Controller
•Harness the maximum power available from solar PV modules
•Typical efficiencies > 95%
•Locates the maximum power point (MPP) of the panel at the particular time using electronics and advanced algorithms
•Wide range of input voltage possible
•Can boost the charging process of battery
•High cost
Solar charge controller sizing
The solar charge controller is typically rated against Amperage and Voltage capacities. Select the solar charge controller to match the voltage of PV array and batteries and then identify which type of solar charge controller is right for your application. Make sure that solar charge controller has enough capacity to handle the current from PV array.
For the series type, the sizing of controller depends on the total PV input current which is delivered to the controller and also depends on PV panel configuration (series or parallel configuration).
According to standard practice, the sizing of solar charge controller is to take the short circuit current (Isc) of the PV array, and multiply it by 1.3
Solar charge controller rating = Total short circuit current of PV array x 1.3
Battery
•Storage of electrical energy in terms of Chemical.
•Used for standalone and hybrid systems to store excess power
•Different types:-
–Lead-Acid battery
•Flooded Lead Acid Batteries
•VRLA Gel Batteries
•AGM (Absorbent Glass Mat) Batteries
–Lithium batteries
•Li-ion batteries
•LiFePO4batteries
Battery Characteristics
•Depth of discharge (DoD) is directly related to cyclic life of a battery so Higher the DoD lower the life
•Battery performance decreases with cold temperature and increases with temperature
•C rating of battery: The manufacturer determine the Ah capacity by discharging the battery at a particular rate and calculates the amount of Ah the battery gave
•Eg:-A C10 battery with 150Ah is able to give 150Ah when discharged over a period of 10 hours
•A C20 battery with a 150Ah is able to give 150Ah when discharged over a period of 20 hours
Battery sizing
The battery type recommended for using in solar PV system is deep cycle battery. Deep cycle battery is specifically designed for to be discharged to low energy level and rapid recharged or cycle charged and
discharged day after day for years. The battery should be large enough to store sufficient energy to operate the appliances at night and cloudy days. To find out the size of battery, calculate as follows:
Battery Capacity (Ah) = Total Watt-hours per day used by appliances x Days of autonomy (D.O.D x Inverter η x nominal battery voltage)
D.O.D (Depth of discharge = 0.8)
Inverter η = 0.9 to 0.95
Inverters
•Converts DC to AC
•Uses advanced controllers like microcontrollers and Digital Signal processors (DSP)
•Different Types:-
–Based on output wave form
•Modified sine wave (low cost and low efficiency)
•Pure sine wave
–Based on technology
•With transformer
•Transformer less (high frequency inverters)
Solar Inverters
•For Solar applications
–Solar Power Conditioning Units (PCU)
–Solar Hybrid Inverter
–Solar Grid-Tied inverters
–Solar Central Inverters
Inverter sizing
An inverter is used in the system where AC power output is needed. The input rating of the inverter should never be lower than the total watt of appliances. The inverter must have the same nominal voltage as your battery.
For stand-alone systems, the inverter must be large enough to handle the total amount of Watts you will be using at one time. The inverter size should be 25-30% bigger than total Watts of appliances. In case of appliance type is motor or compressor then inverter size should be minimum 3 times the capacity of those appliances and must be added to the inverter capacity to handle surge current during starting.
For grid tie systems or grid connected systems, the input rating of the inverter should be same as PV array rating to allow for safe and efficient operation.
Cables
•Insulated high grade copper cables
•UV resistant, flame retardant
•High temperature resistance
•Water resistance
•Resistant to mechanical wear and tear
•Life time up to 30 years
•Voltage drop from solar array to charge controller-inverter assembly should be <3%
Mounting Structure
•Mild Steel(MS) or Hot dipped galvanized iron(GI) structure
•Weather proof and long lasting
•Structural stability to withstand high wind speeds
•Wind speed to be considered 160-170 kmph
Solar Panel Orientation
•The solar panels should be mounted in a shadow free area
•The generation from the panel and mounting position are determined by analyzing the sun’s position in the sky
•In the northern hemisphere the panels should be facing south at an angle determined by the latitude of the location
•A simple switching circuit that regulates the battery voltage
•Switches on/off the flow of current by monitoring the battery voltage and current
•Low cost and simple
•PV array voltage and battery voltage should match
•Can not extract the maximum power from solar panel. Hence low efficiency
•Recommended for small systems to minimize the cost
MPPT Solar Charge Controller
•Harness the maximum power available from solar PV modules
•Typical efficiencies > 95%
•Locates the maximum power point (MPP) of the panel at the particular time using electronics and advanced algorithms
•Wide range of input voltage possible
•Can boost the charging process of battery
•High cost
Solar charge controller sizing
The solar charge controller is typically rated against Amperage and Voltage capacities. Select the solar charge controller to match the voltage of PV array and batteries and then identify which type of solar charge controller is right for your application. Make sure that solar charge controller has enough capacity to handle the current from PV array.
For the series type, the sizing of controller depends on the total PV input current which is delivered to the controller and also depends on PV panel configuration (series or parallel configuration).
According to standard practice, the sizing of solar charge controller is to take the short circuit current (Isc) of the PV array, and multiply it by 1.3
Solar charge controller rating = Total short circuit current of PV array x 1.3
Battery
•Storage of electrical energy in terms of Chemical.
•Used for standalone and hybrid systems to store excess power
•Different types:-
–Lead-Acid battery
•Flooded Lead Acid Batteries
•VRLA Gel Batteries
•AGM (Absorbent Glass Mat) Batteries
–Lithium batteries
•Li-ion batteries
•LiFePO4batteries
Battery Characteristics
•Depth of discharge (DoD) is directly related to cyclic life of a battery so Higher the DoD lower the life
•Battery performance decreases with cold temperature and increases with temperature
•C rating of battery: The manufacturer determine the Ah capacity by discharging the battery at a particular rate and calculates the amount of Ah the battery gave
•Eg:-A C10 battery with 150Ah is able to give 150Ah when discharged over a period of 10 hours
•A C20 battery with a 150Ah is able to give 150Ah when discharged over a period of 20 hours
Battery sizing
The battery type recommended for using in solar PV system is deep cycle battery. Deep cycle battery is specifically designed for to be discharged to low energy level and rapid recharged or cycle charged and
discharged day after day for years. The battery should be large enough to store sufficient energy to operate the appliances at night and cloudy days. To find out the size of battery, calculate as follows:
Battery Capacity (Ah) = Total Watt-hours per day used by appliances x Days of autonomy (D.O.D x Inverter η x nominal battery voltage)
D.O.D (Depth of discharge = 0.8)
Inverter η = 0.9 to 0.95
Inverters
•Converts DC to AC
•Uses advanced controllers like microcontrollers and Digital Signal processors (DSP)
•Different Types:-
–Based on output wave form
•Modified sine wave (low cost and low efficiency)
•Pure sine wave
–Based on technology
•With transformer
•Transformer less (high frequency inverters)
Solar Inverters
•For Solar applications
–Solar Power Conditioning Units (PCU)
–Solar Hybrid Inverter
–Solar Grid-Tied inverters
–Solar Central Inverters
Inverter sizing
An inverter is used in the system where AC power output is needed. The input rating of the inverter should never be lower than the total watt of appliances. The inverter must have the same nominal voltage as your battery.
For stand-alone systems, the inverter must be large enough to handle the total amount of Watts you will be using at one time. The inverter size should be 25-30% bigger than total Watts of appliances. In case of appliance type is motor or compressor then inverter size should be minimum 3 times the capacity of those appliances and must be added to the inverter capacity to handle surge current during starting.
For grid tie systems or grid connected systems, the input rating of the inverter should be same as PV array rating to allow for safe and efficient operation.
Cables
•Insulated high grade copper cables
•UV resistant, flame retardant
•High temperature resistance
•Water resistance
•Resistant to mechanical wear and tear
•Life time up to 30 years
•Voltage drop from solar array to charge controller-inverter assembly should be <3%
Mounting Structure
•Mild Steel(MS) or Hot dipped galvanized iron(GI) structure
•Weather proof and long lasting
•Structural stability to withstand high wind speeds
•Wind speed to be considered 160-170 kmph
Solar Panel Orientation
•The solar panels should be mounted in a shadow free area
•The generation from the panel and mounting position are determined by analyzing the sun’s position in the sky
•In the northern hemisphere the panels should be facing south at an angle determined by the latitude of the location
Solar Panel Tilt for Fixed Tilt Installations
•Solar panels should be tilted depending on the location for maximum generation
•Calculating the tilt angle
–Tilt = 0.87 x latitude (degrees), if latitude < 25˚
–Tilt = (0.76 x latitude) + 3.1˚ (degrees), if latitude between 25˚ and 50˚
•Panels will be facing south in the northern hemisphere and vice versa.
Off-Grid Power
Off-grid Renewable Energy / Power:
- Biomass based heat and power projects and industrial waste to-energy projects for meeting captive needs
- Biomass gasifiers for rural and industrial energy applications
- Watermills/micro hydro projects – for meeting electricity requirement of remote villages
- Small Wind Energy & Hybrid Systems - for mechanical and electrical applications, mainly where grid electricity is not available.
- Solar PV Roof-top Systems for abatement of diesel for power generation in urban areas
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